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In this Buyer’s Guide, you’ll learn everything you need to know about studio monitors, including the differences between nearfield, midfield, farfield/mains, and subwoofers. Before we dive into that, it’s time for a quick history lesson.
Studio monitors are specialized speakers that are essential for audio professionals to get an accurate and honest assessment of their audio projects. Studio monitors come in different types, including nearfield, midfield, farfield/mains, and subwoofers, with each type suited for specific listening environments. Read on to learn more about the history of studio monitors, as well as the basic components of studio monitors.
The very first reference monitor purpose-built for recording studios was the Altec Lansing Duplex 604 in 1944. Designed by James B. Lansing, the Altec 604 quickly became the industry standard studio monitor in the U.S. Shortly after the 604 gained popularity, Lansing left Altec to form his own company, JBL. Around the same time, Tannoy unveiled its Dual Concentric loudspeaker design, which became the industry standard in the UK.
By 1959, Altec had replaced the 604 with the inferior 605A Duplex studio monitor, which spurred a massive backlash from the recording industry, causing several key studios to upgrade to the newly-released JBL D50 Monitors. After de-throning Altec as the standard studio monitor, JBL released a reference monitor that would change the recording industry forever.
The JBL 4310 studio monitor was the first nearfield studio monitor ever developed. Small enough to sit on the meter bridge of a console, the 4310 reduced many of the sonic issues caused by the listening environment. The 4310 quickly became one of the most successful products in the JBL catalog and reigned supreme as the monitor of choice for leading studios around the globe until the mid-80s.
The DIY ethos of the 1980s had led to a surge of smaller studios and artists with smaller budgets. Although they were originally introduced to the consumer market as a home speaker system, the Yamaha NS-10 became the go-to studio monitor of the 1980s due to their compact size, affordable price tag, and their uncanny ability to highlight every flaw in a mix. Yamaha NS-10s can still be found in countless studios to this day. However, with the home recording revolution of the new millennium, the passive design of the NS-10 has fallen out of favor for more accurate powered designs.
Now that you know the history, let’s talk about the basic components of a studio monitor.
A quick note: while we typically use the terms "speaker" and "monitor" interchangeably, it's worth pointing out that professional studio monitors are designed to be as accurate and neutral as possible, while consumer-grade speakers are often made to enhance certain frequencies.
This is the box that holds all the components. Enclosures come in all shapes and sizes, depending on what type of studio monitor you are purchasing.
The crossover gets its name from its function, as it is a network of circuitry that determines where the frequency band gets split up and sent to different speakers. The points where the signal stops going to the woofer and heads for the midrange instead is one of the “crossover” points on the spectrum. Part of the reason for crossovers is simple energy management.
The subwoofer (or “sub”) is the basso profundo of the speaker world. It’s designed to reproduce all the lowest frequencies, sometimes even those you can’t hear, but only feel. A typical crossover frequency is 120 Hz; below that, the sub handles all the duties. It’s usually big and power-hungry, and despite its size, the sub can really help in nearfield monitoring due to the physics of sound.
The woofer handles the low end. In the early days of speaker design, this name was chosen to imitate the type of sound the larger speaker reproduces, i.e. the woofing of a dog. Yes, it’s that simple. More complicated is pinning down the exact specs of a woofer. In speaker design, everything is relative, so there is no fixed size for a woofer. It could be 4” or 15” across.
A true midrange will be part of a three-way (or more) monitor system, which is almost always found in main monitors. In nearfields, this driver is usually absent, and its role is split between the woofer and tweeter.
The tweeter reproduces the high end of the sonic spectrum. Its name is an imitation of the sounds it makes, such as the high-pitched tweeting of birds. A tweeter is also relative and has no fixed size; it may be larger in nearfields because it has to reproduce some of the midrange as well. In main monitors, the tweeter can be smaller since it handles a narrower spectrum, and there may be more than one.
Power amps make everything go on their “excursion,” the technical term for how far from its resting point a speaker will travel back and forth. In the past, this was always a standalone piece of gear, usually stored well away from the speaker because of its heat generation. More recently, the trend has been for active monitors to feature power amplifiers inside the enclosure.
All monitoring systems require an enclosure to hold the speakers; a crossover to split the frequency bands for different speaker types, some combination of subwoofer, woofer, midrange, and tweeter, plus a power amplifier to drive those speakers. Active studio monitors have an internal power amp, while passive monitors need to be connected to an external power amp.
Active studio monitors have been the most popular option for the last couple of decades, thanks to their compact and affordable design, but there are still plenty of great passive monitors to choose from. This guide will cover active studio monitors and passive monitors.
Known for their compact size and affordability, nearfield monitors are some of the most popular models on the market. Designed to sit three to five feet from the listening position, nearfield monitors use a simple two-way design with a compact four to eight-inch driver.
Due to their close proximity and low volume, nearfield monitors help minimize the impact of your room acoustics, making them the ideal choice for anyone working in an untreated environment. Nearfield speakers are also commonly used in pro studios for referencing a mix on smaller speakers—typically sitting on the meter bridge of a large format console.
However, nearfield monitors often struggle to produce high output levels at a distance and often feature a very narrow sweet spot. Because of this, nearfield monitors are best reserved for private studios and personal audio work.
Suggested Nearfield Monitors: Barefoot Sound Footprint01, Barefoot Sound Footprint02, Barefoot Sound MicroMain45, ADAM Audio T5V, ADAM Audio T7V, ADAM Audio A7V, ADAM Audio S2V, Neumann KH 80, Neumann KH 120 II, Yamaha HS5, Yamaha HS8, Focal Trio6 ST6, Focal Twin6, Focal Shape Twin, Focal Shape 65, Avantone Active MixCubes, Avantone CLA-10, Dynaudio LYD 48, Amphion One18, Amphion One15, ProAc Studio SM100, Genelec 8341A, Genelec 8010A, Auratone 5C, JBL 705P, JBL 308P, JBL 306P
Read our Buyer's Guide on nearfield monitors by clicking here.
Midfield monitors are smaller than farfield monitors, yet larger than nearfield monitors. Designed to sit 5 to 10 feet from the listening position, midfield monitors are typically mounted on monitor stands behind a console or workstation.
This style of monitor typically uses a three-way design with an 8 to 10-inch bass driver to provide an even, balanced frequency response at moderate playback levels. Due to their size and power, they can be placed farther from the listening position without an apparent loss of bass or detail. Midfield monitors also provide a larger sweet spot, making them ideal for collaborative projects.
Often used for critical listening and monitoring in professional studios, midfield monitors combine the extended frequency response and high output of farfield monitors with the compact size and portability of nearfield monitors, making them ideal for professional studios. When played at low levels, midfield monitors minimize the impact of the acoustic environment, making them very appealing to those in larger home studios and project studios as well.
Suggested Midfield Monitors: ADAM Audio A77H, ADAM Audio A8H, ATC Loudspeakers SCM25A MK2, ATC Loudspeakers SCM45A, ATC Loudspeakers SCM150ASL, Barefoot Sound MicroMain27, Barefoot Sound MicroMain26, Neumann KH 310, ADAM Audio S3H, Focal Trio11 Be, Focal Shape Twin, Antelope Audio Atlas i8
Farfield monitors are the largest design of monitors and are designed for use in large control rooms. Typically placed about 10 feet from the listening position, farfield monitors are capable of delivering the widest frequency response. However, due to their distance from the sweet spot, they’re also heavily impacted by the acoustics of the room, making them best-suited for heavily treated, purpose-designed control rooms.
Also called “mains,” farfields are known for their ability to withstand punishingly loud playback levels. Most farfield monitors use a three-way design, although some models range from 2-way all the way up to 4.5-way designs and higher. The bass and mid-drivers on farfield monitors tend to range from 10 to 18 inches or more.
This style of monitor can still be found in many world-class studios. They’re typically soffit-mounted behind a large format console and mostly used for impressing clients with their high playback levels. However, in order to prevent ear fatigue, most mixing and critical listening is done using midfield monitors.
Suggested Farfield/Main Monitors: Barefoot Sound Masterstack 12, Barefoot Sound MiniMain12, ADAM Audio S5V, Genelec 1234ACM, Neumann KH 420, Quested HM415, ATC Loudspeakers SCM300ASL
Subwoofers are designed to extend the low-frequency response of smaller midfield and nearfield monitors. However, unlike nearfield monitors, subwoofers require high output levels to perform accurately, which tends to cause problems in small or untreated rooms.
This style of monitor typically features a single driver ranging from 12 to 24 inches. Generally speaking, larger drivers are able to produce a deeper bass response, although it varies depending on the excursion of the drivers. High excursion drivers produce more low-end, although they tend to be less accurate.
Subs are available in both sealed and ported cabs. While sealed cabs tend to limit the bass response and SPL of a sub, they do provide a cleaner, more accurate low-end response. Ported cabs are capable of achieving higher SPLs, making them ideal for larger studios or pairing with particularly loud midfield monitors.
Barefoot Sound MicroSub45, Barefoot Sound MiniSub12, Focal Sub6, ADAM Audio Sub10, ADAM Audio Sub15, Dynaudio 9S, Genelec 7370APM, Amphion FlexBase25, ATC Loudspeakers SCS70 Pro, Kali Audio WS-12, Neumann KH 750
You don't have to spend a fortune to get great sound. Read our list of the best studio monitors under $1000, browse our current studio monitor deals, or check out our collection of open-box, fully warrantied studio monitor demo deals!
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